A New Perspective for Sizing of Distributed Generation and Energy

11 As a recently increasing trend among different applications of smart grid vision, smart households as a new implementation area of demand 12 response (DR) strategies have drawn more attention both in research and in engineering practice. On the other hand, optimum sizing of 13 renewable energy based small scale hybrid systems is also a topic that is widely covered by the existing literature. In this study, the sizing of 14 additional distributed generation (DG) and energy storage systems (ESSs) to be applied in smart households, that due to DR activities have a 15 different daily demand profile compared with normal household profiles, is investigated. To the best knowledge of the Authors this is the first 16 attempt in the literature to investigate this issue, also including step-wise decreasing cost functions for DG and ESS, varying load and DG 17 production profiles seasonally, and weekday-weekend horizons for a long-term analysis period. The study is conducted using a mixed-integer 18 linear programming (MILP) framework for home energy management system (HEM) modeling and techno-economical sizing. Also, different 19 sensitivity analyses considering the impacts of variation of economic inputs on the provided model are realized. Nomenclature 23 24 A. Abbreviations 25 benefit-to-cost ratio. 26 discounted payback period. 27 demand response. 28 energy storage system. 29 electric vehicle. 30 photovoltaics. 31 total cost. 32 total net present value. 33 34 B. Indices 35 index of years in total project horizon 36 period of the day index in time units [h or min]. 37 38 C. Parameters 39 , ESS unit overnight capital cost [$/kWh]. 40 2 , PV unit overnight capital cost [$/kW]. 41 , ESS unit annual maintenance cost [$/kWh-y]. 42 , PV unit annual maintenance cost [$/kW-y]. 43 , ESS unit replacement cost [$/kWh]. 44 , PV unit replacement cost [$/kW]. 45 charging efficiency of the ESS. 46 charging efficiency of the EV. 47 charging rate of the ESS [kW per time interval]. 48 charging rate of the EV [kW per time interval]. 49 real discount rate. 50 discharging efficiency of the ESS. 51 discharging efficiency of the EV. 52 discharging rate of the ESS [kW per time interval]. 53 discharging rate of the EV [kW per time interval]. 54 , ESS replacement flag throughout project horizon. 55 number of time intervals in one hour. 56 , maximum multiplication coefficient for ESS sizing considering base size (1 kWh in this study). 57 …